Why Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure - 1623 Words

1. Introduction In order to grow, an enterprise needs investments. So they need to start wondering about which securities to acquire and how to finance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). The study of capital structure tries to clarify this variety of securities and financing opportunities. In accounting terms, this decision is situated on the right-hand side of the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). In his Capital Structure Puzzle article, Myers (1984) poses the question â€Å"How do firms choose their capital structure?†. But even today, there is no right solution to this question. In the literature, there are three central theoretical models: the tradeoff model, the pecking-order hypothesis, and the agency†¦show more content†¦There is no obligation of an effective repayment to the shareholders and in return, the firm pays out a dividend to cover for the incurred risk. The amount of the dividend depends on the profitability of the firm. If the firm is not capable of paying out a dividend to its shareholders, this does not necessarily lead to bankruptcy. The other option firms have, is to use debt. Creditors invest money in the company, and the company has the obligation to repay an effective payment, with an agreed interest rate and maturity date (Proenà §a, et al., 2014). 2.1. Theories of capital structure The base for the modern capital structure theory comes from Modigliani and Miller (1958). They stated that it is irrelevant for a firm to choose between equity and debt in perfect and frictionless markets (Modigliani Miller, 1958). In those markets there are no taxes, perfect information disclosure of information and no transaction costs connected with the raise of money or going bankrupt (Chen, 2004). 2.1.1. Tradeoff theory Five years after their pioneering research, Modigliani and Miller relaxed the perfect market assumptions and added corporate tax decision to their models. Consequently, they found that an increase in debt levels will raise the value of the firm, because firms who finance their activities with long term debt experience a debt tax shield (Modigliani Miller, 1963). Modigliani and Miller (1963) do not show any evidence for bankruptcy

Congestion Of Congestion Based Fees - 1260 Words

Congestion, particularly in urban centers, has received much attention due to the resulting higher absolute travel times and lower travel time reliability, that lead to higher fuel consumption and significant environmental impacts. In response to the high congestion delays and costs, researchers and policymakers have studied the need and the implications of implementing congestion-based fees in a bid to alleviate congested network links and/or areas, and divert traffic as needed, temporally, spatially and modally, known as â€Å"triple divergence† (Downs, 1992). Proper evaluation of any congestion management strategy requires explicitly setting performance measures that can be used as indicators of how well the policy performs, and whether or not the initial goals are reached. Congestion pricing is a widely used policy aiming to mitigate congestion along heavily congested facilities. The rationale behind congestion pricing is that users are charged a toll fee in order to use the facility, in a bid to alleviate congestion and improve travel time along this facility, and/or collect revenue to be allocated in congestion-mitigation projects that would enhance the users’ experience and the system performance overall. There are different implementation schemes, depending on the level of sophistication that the agency wishes to achieve: unique vs. differentiated toll by vehicle type/class, fixed vs. dynamic toll rates based on the traffic conditions, tolled lanes in conjunction withShow MoreRelatedThe London Program Has Cut Congestion1675 Words   |  7 PagesThe London program has cut congestion from the original cordon by 20 to 30 percent (70,000 fewer cars per day), and by 14 percent in the western extension (30,000 fewer cars per day). 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Noticeable Challenges in Airport Management in this new era are : 1) Planning and Development of Airport Capacity. 2) Fundings for Airport Growth and Expansion. 3) Opportunities to cut costs. 4) Managing Airport Congestion. 5) Impact of Low Cost Carriers (LCC`s) to the aviation industry. 6) Impact of Environmental policies and regulations. 1) Planning and development of Airport capacity: Capacity refers to the ability of an airport to handle a givenRead MoreAccording to Mohr and Fourie (2004), the tax burden should be spread equitably among the various2200 Words   |  9 Pagespay principle be applicable. This is progressive in nature and is a fair system for the poor as everyone pays the relative to their income and earning ability. The ability to pay principle seems to be the fairest of the above as citizens contribute based on the earning ability. 2.3 Vertical and horizontal equity There are two notions on equity stemming from the ability to pay principle, the vertical the horizontal equity. According to Case et al (2014), horizontal equity is a principle wherebyRead MoreProblems Caused By Transportation And Transportation Essay2645 Words   |  11 Pagesissues of day today lives and one of the most used transport means in roadways. Road Transport majorly consists of the private passenger cars, which are generally used by only single rider thereby creating various problems like increase in traffic, congestions, increase in pollution and many others. So with this project undertaken, we aim at solving this problem by making the single drivers to share the private car thereby targeting the empty seats in their cars. Thus people belonging to the same areaRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effect On Earth s Atmosphere1491 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology to burn petroleum based products such as gasoline, it is a major contributor of the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. As it mentioned in the above, CO2 as one the greenhouse gases is a major contributor to global warming [3]. b) Two types of travel demand management policies that can help to reduce the greenhouse gases from the transportation sectors are: Road Pricing: In general, terminology of the â€Å"Road Pricing† include all other pricing such as â€Å"congestion pricing†, â€Å"value pricing†,Read MoreProblems Associated With Road Transport2623 Words   |  11 Pagesissues of day today lives and one of the most used transport means in roadways. Road Transport majorly consists of the private passenger cars, which are generally used by only single rider thereby creating various problems like increase in traffic, congestions, increase in pollution and many others. So with this project undertaken, we aim at solving this problem by making the single drivers to share the private car thereby targeting the empty seats in their cars. Thus people belonging to the same area

Marks and Spencer free essay sample

The Airline industry operates in a fiercely competitive environment. Discuss how the industry utilises the theories of consumer segmentation and buying behaviour to respond to consumer demand. Use relevant examples to support and illustrate your arguments and research. 2. The Innocent Drinks Company has grown considerably from its early days of making its first smoothie recipes in 1998 employing only 3 people. Now it’s a successful company with a turnover of ? 75 million. Discuss how the marketing environment influences the marketing activities which companies like Innocent undertake. 3. Tesco is one of the world’s international retailers and is recognised as the market leader in the UK supermarket sector. Tesco state that their core purpose is ‘to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty’. Evaluate how Tesco and other supermarkets utilise the marketing mix to compete in the marketplace. The music industry has changed dramatically in recent years. Using the 7 ps (price, product, promotion etc) as identified by the extended marketing mix,evaluate how the major players in the industry utilise the marketing mix to their benefit in modern marketing campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on Marks and Spencer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Incorporate practical examples of marketing campaigns in your essay to support your evaluation. 5. The music industry operates in a fiercely competitive environment. Discuss how the industry utilises the theories of consumer segmentation and buying behaviour to respond to consumer demand. Use relevant examples to support and illustrate your arguments and research. Submission date:10th February 2012. Feedback: 10th March 2012. This will assess Learning Outcomes 1 and 2. It will also cover the following transferable skills A, B, C, E and K. Assessment Criteria Please note that diagrams, quotes, appendices and tables do not constitute part of the word allocation. The assessment criteria for this assignment will be: 25%Presentation and structure, which includes a concise written style,logical progression of arguments, and adherences to referencingconventions. Evidence of research, which includes the use of relevant examples which support and illustrate your arguments. 45%Analysis and conclusions, which includes a clear understanding and appreciation of the full implications of the conclusions reached. Assessment Criteria: Please check the generic assessment criteria for your year on Blackboard under ‘Admin. An individual report to the value of 2000 words on the following topic: â€Å"How is the increasing use of technology changing marketing in the 21st century? † This will assess all the Learning Outcomes. Submission Date: 23rd March 2012 Return Date: 23rd April 2012 Assessment Criteria 40%Presentation and structure. This includes a concise written style, utilisation of appropriate sub-headings and language, logical progression of ideas and adherence to referencing conventions; 20%Research, which includes the use of relevant academic references and examples of organisations which upport and illustrate arguments. A minimum of five separate academic sources must be used; 40%Analysis and conclusions, which demonstrate a clear understanding and appreciation of the main issues relevant to the report. Assessment Criteria: Please check the generic assessment criteria for your year on Blackboard under ‘Admin.

The Purpose Of This Paper Is To Discuss Marijuana And Compare Essays

The purpose of this paper is to discuss marijuana and compare both sides of the issue of legalizing marijuana. We have two factions fighting each other; one those who are pro-marijuana and those who are anti-marijuana. These two factions have been fighting on this issue on the halls of justice for years. Pro marijuana legalization groups such as the Physician's Association for AIDS Care, National Lymphoma Foundation argue that marijuana should be legalized in order to treat terminally ill patients. Among them are AIDS victims who find that marijuana stimulates their appetites so they can fight off dangerous emaciation; glaucoma sufferers who have used marijuana said it has prevented them from going blind, and cancer patients for whom it alleviates the severe nausea that is often accompanies chemotherapy and sometimes makes lifesaving treatment impossible. Due to all these lobbying groups which show substantial evidence that marijuana can be used as a prescribed drug. Also many advocates who are pro marijuana complain that morphine and cocaine are legal and are very dangerous drugs, that brings up the question why not legalize marijuana as medical drug which is proven to be less dangerous than cocaine and morphine. Lobbying groups in a San Diego, California , council committee unanimously voted to urge president Bill Clinton and congress to end federal restrictions against the use of marijuana for " legitiment medical use." City council women Christine kehoe said she wanted the city of San Diego "to go on the record we support the medical use marijuana.; marijuana can be a drug of necessity in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, cancer and multiple sclerosis." Many agencies which are anti marijuana such as Drug Enforcement Agency and police departments argue that marijuana shouldn't be legalized. These agencies believe that marijuana shouldn't be legalized because if marijuana is to become legal then thousands more patients using marijuana. Then people will raise the question why marijuana illegal at all if its a medicine. The main reason why the Drug Enforcement Agency doesn't want marijuana to be legal is because their is no hard core evidence that proves that marijuana is a effective drug as a medicine. In twenty years of research have produced no reliable scientific proof that marijuana has medical value. The American Cancer Society , American Glaucoma Society,the National Multiple Sclerosis, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, or the American Medical Association , say that their is no evidence that marijuana is a medicine. The agencies also argues that no other drug prescribed is smoked and that knew findings show that marijuana is acutely harmful to AIDS, Cancer patients because the active ingredient in marijuana acutely reduces the the bodies white blood cells which fight off infection. The Drug Enforcement Agency along with police departments all over the United States believe, with the legalization of drugs crime will increase due to a higher increase of pot users which will eventually become addicts and will still or kill in order to get their drugs. These are the main points and reasons why the Drug named marijuana shouldn't be legalized in the United States of America. Seeing booth sides of the issue I come to a conclusion that marijuana should be legalized in order to help people suffering from terminal diseases such as AIDS, Cancer and Glaucoma. Prohibition of marijuana over the past decades hasn't deminshed the demand of the drug in the United States. The use of marijuana has acutely went up due to the mass attention given to marijuana by rappers such as Cypress Hill who promote the use of marijuana as a social drug. But I believe that marijuana is here to stay in our society and is only going through the stages that alcohol had during the prohibition era. Marijuana will become legal due to the knew administration which is liberal and who's leader, president Bill Clinton who had acutely used marijuana during the nineteen sixties. Due to all these factors marijuana will become more widely accepted by the American people who will pressure congress to rewrite the laws on the drug marijuana. Now its only a matter of time before lobbying groups pressure the legislature to legalize it. Due to legalization many states will be able to grow marijuana as a cash crop, and the United States government will be able to tax marijuana and make revenue off it. The revenue made from marijuana will be in the millions which can be used for drug rehabs and anti drug programs targeted at elementary children. Still by seeing both sides of the issue I'm still one hundred percent pro marijuana because I use it socially and I believe its

Egypt-Israeli Conflict And The West Essays - ArabIsraeli Conflict

Egypt-Israeli Conflict And The West Essays - ArabIsraeli Conflict Egypt-Israeli Conflict and the West The History of the conflict in the Middle East is long and well documented. To both, and to many biased observers the history of the Egyptian/Israeli conflict is very one sided, with one government, or one people causing the continued wars between the two neighboring states. But, as any social scientist of any reputation will state, all international conflicts have more than one side, and usually are the result of events surrounding, and extending over the parties involved. Thus, using this theory as a basis, we must assume that the conflict between Israel and Egypt is more complicated than a partial observer would see it. For the purpose of this paper, we are going to examine the basic factors of Egypt's Involvement and conflict with Israel, with some emphasis on the involvement of the United State, and the Western Nation in this conflict. Also, I wish to pay particular attention to the question of who, or what brought these countries into conflict. Were they both victims of their situation, or did they become actively involved in promoting conflict, or perhaps a third party source, such as the US pushed them into conflict? In 1948, the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel was read by David Ben-Gurion in Tel Aviv. The Egyptians, like most of the Arab states saw this as a creation of a Western State, backed by the British Empire, and thus an imperialistic entity in the Arab homeland. Considering the past 20 years of the Egyptian state, and of most of the Arab nations, was a continual conflict again imperial powers, the Egyptian were naturally weary and afraid of any new imperialistic powers developing in the Middle East. In September 1947, the League of Arab States decided to resist by force the plan for the partition of Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish State, and when the Jewish state was created, the armies of the various Arab states entered into Palestine to save the country for the Arabs again "Zionist" aggression. The Arabs were defeated and the Arab Countries saved a small amount of land, the Transjordon, and the West Bank. Similarly Egypt saved strip of territory around Gaza. The causes of this war, and Egypt's involved can be examined in several ways. Obviously, the creation of the State of Israel by Ben-Gurion and his supporters provided a excuse for the Arab Nations, and Egypt to attack the Jewish population in Israel. As mentioned, the Egyptians saw the formation of Israel as an Imperialist state, and they were defending the land for the Palestinians, and more importantly for the newly developing arab unity. While the United States was not actively involved in the war, either by providing arms or providing much assiezce, their actions did create an interesting and volatile atmosphere. As soon as the state of Israel was created, the United State quickly recognized the state and started diplomatic relations with the newly formed government. At the same time, the USSR recognized Israel, not wishing the US to be seen as the champion for the newly found state. Although there is no definitive proof, one can assume that Egypt, and the rest of the Arab nations felt the need to quickly react to the situation, in almost a type of fear that powers outside their Arab influence, such as the United States were quickly impeding on their territory, by using Israel as a means of their peaceful aggression. Still, Egypt was clearly the main aggressor in this inezce, and was not defending their own territory, but instead attempting to obtain territory, which they did succeed in acquiring, through the Gaza Strip. The Egyptian actions quickly set the tone of conflict in the Middle East, giving the Israelis no option but the take an initial purely military response in defense of their newly formed state. In the minds of the Israeli leaders, Egypt was nothing but a threat to the existence of the Jewish state, and thus, perhaps rightly, should only be dealt with as an enemy. From the outcome of this poorly prepared war emerged Gamal Abdul Nasser, who commanded an Egyptian Army in Palestine. He organized a clandestine group inside the army called the

Comparing Wilfred Owens The Sentry and Dulce et Decorum Est Essays

Comparing Wilfred Owens The Sentry and Dulce et Decorum Est Essays Comparing Wilfred Owens The Sentry and Dulce et Decorum Est Paper Comparing Wilfred Owens The Sentry and Dulce et Decorum Est Paper Essay Topic: Jessie Pope War Poetry Poetry Wilfred Owen’s poetry is not about grandeur, dominion or altruism. It is about war and the grotesque horrors that it represents to the former nation, the nation of today and the nation of tomorrow. Owen did not write in self-pity but in the pity of war. His poems The Sentry and Dulce et Decorum Est are resonant, portentous and multi-layered works characterised by poignant honesty and profound compassion whilst embodying both differences and similarities to each other. Wilfred Owen’s Dulce and The Sentry are both presented as a vignette from the front lines of the First World War. In Dulce, Owen describes British soldiers being attacked with gas, however, in The Sentry he depicts the shelling of his sentry. He employs sibilance to imitate the sound of the gas when he states, â€Å"Dim, through the misty panes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as Owen sets eyes open the soldier who had been gassed. Caesura has been exploited after ‘dim’, fracturing the line to illustrate the horror that Owen experienced to the reader. He also uses the same technique in The Sentry when he sees the soldier falling down the steps of their dugout after a shell attack. Owen states, â€Å"The sentry’s body; then his rifle. † Again, he is conveying the dismay and incredulity of what he is witnessing. He also writes in the present continuous tense at both times in the poem, implying that the sufferings of these soldiers are resulting in recurring nightmares. Moreover, Owen goes on to use sibilance again in Dulce: â€Å"gas-shells dropping softly behind. † This gives the poem more depth to the imagery and instigates the reader to relive the gas attack with him. The use of the sinister ‘s’ sound throughout the poem also represents his attitudes and emotions of war. In the quotation, Owen also utilises irony through the adverb ‘softly’ to assert the soldiers unawareness of the shells and the fact that they have become accustom to the deafening sound and are not able to hear anything anymore. This is reinforced by the quotation â€Å"Deaf even to the hoots. † In the first of the four stanzas, Owen is purposefully creating a death-like although rather composed feeling before the surprise of the gas attack in the second stanza to highlight the chaos. Consequently, Owen creates a sense of pathos and the reader can emphasise with the soldiers. He also achieves the chaotic feeling through transitioning from a regular rhyming scheme to an irregular one. Regular suggests routine and organisation, however, irregular implies that the gas attack disrupted this and was a shock to the soldiers. In contrast, to creating a composed feeling in the first stanza in Dulce, in The Sentry, Wilfred Owen the reader instantaneously is given an insight into the continuous violence from the irregular rhythm. The quotation â€Å"hell, for shell on frantic shell† reveals that the attack on the dugout was incessant whilst the use consonance mimics the noise of the shells to add to the effect. The repetition shows the abundance of shells that were falling. Furthermore, Owen uses the preposition ‘on’ to indicate that each shell was overshadowing the last and the situation is getting worse and worse. The verb â€Å"hammered† reinforces that the shells falling on the soldiers rapidly whilst elucidating that they are breaking the soldier’s spirits as caesura follows. Similarly, in Dulce, the war is compared to the devil: â€Å"His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin. † This simile is iron as sin to a devil is his reason for existence and if he becomes â€Å"sick of sin† he is essentially inquiring everything that has been of significance to him. His face expressed this extent of the supposed disillusion that his entire life had been for nothing. It could be interpreted that Owen is suggesting that the dying soldier is questioning everything that he has been told about the honour of patriotism, the glory and the sweetness of dying for war. On the hand, the soldier could also be questioning the sin that is war itself. Owen goes on to state â€Å"guttering down in waterfalls of slime† The noun ‘waterfall’ is an example of euphemistic device meiosis, understating the conditions of the dugout as waterfalls generally connote beauty and purity. He is using contradictory language because he then contrasts with the unpleasant word â€Å"slime† and immediately conjuring repulsive images. Owen’s use of the noun â€Å"guttering† in addition to â€Å"choking† and â€Å"drowning† shows the extreme pain and desolation and are examples of cacophony, giving the line harsh discordant sounds. This reflects the harshness of the war and the discord that is created from the gas attack. â€Å"Guttering† could be a reference to the tallow of a candle as it is burning out, reflecting the effects the gas is having and the fact the gas is killing the soldier and the last of his spirits. It could also be a use of animorphism as tallow is extracted from cows to make candles. The animorphism illustrates the inferiority of the soldiers as cows are stereotypically considered compliant, brainless and easy to slaughter for their meat which is one of their only uses. This is reinforced in the phrase: â€Å"the wagon we flung him in†, where the dying soldier is being treated more like an animal carcase and not like a human being. The animorphism also echoes The Sentry in which Owen writes, â€Å"We herded from blast†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again, cows are herded and the dehumanisation of the soldiers by those in a higher rank is demonstrated. â€Å"Bitter as the cud† further reinforces this as chewing the cud is what a cow does when it regurgitates grass it has eaten and chews it again to extract more nutrients. This is a metaphor for the soldiers ‘retasting’ their ‘bitter’ memories that the survivors and Owen himself will have. The simile that on the surface seems to be ordinary is in actuality tainted and warped, symbolising the breakdown of society and propaganda that shows a romantically valiant war. The quotation ‘â€Å"I see your lights’ – But ours had long gone out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  displays Owen’s haunting recollection is of the sentry’s voice, shouting through the calamity caused by the exploding shells that he is insisting he can see to reassure both his fellow soldiers and himself. Owen combines a dialogue and a description to achieve a dramatic effect; in the last couplet, the compassion for the sentry lies in the poetic juxtaposition of his direct and optimistic speech. The compassion proceeds from the dramatic irony at the sentry’s disadvantage. The sentry, being blind does not know unlike his fellow shoulders that the lights â€Å"had long gone out. † As they can see for themselves, his boldness has an unintended consequence: it revealed his honourable pretence that he can see too. Furthermore, the quotation could not only be referring to the blind sentry but also acting as a symbol. The notion of ‘lights going out’ indicates and death and could possibly be foreshadowing the effects and consequence of the war and reflecting the hopelessness they endured. In Dulce et Decorum Est, the simile â€Å"bent double like old beggars under sacks† illustrates the premature aging that the war is causing and connotes a filthy and feeble image of the soldiers which contrasts with strong, heroic one that was portrayed in propaganda at the time. In addition, Owen injects realism into the poem by using the everyday phrase â€Å"bent double. He permits the reader to empathise with soldiers whilst employing hyperbole as someone would not literally be bent in two. The everyday phrase also conveys that the soldiers are everyday people. However, it conveys the feelings of exhaustion. Owen also employs alliteration with the use of the ‘b’ sound which reads harshly and echoes the severity of the war whilst adding an insistent tone to the poem. â€Å"Those other wretches† and â€Å"knock-kneed† also reinforces the reality that soldiers were growing old before their time, contrasting with the idealistic and heroic way in which soldiers and war was presented, showing the poem’s irony. However, the reader is also reminded of the youth of the soldiers although only subtly in Dulce. Owen states, â€Å"Incurable sores on innocent tongues†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which begets a myriad of horrific images and the contemptibility of warfare. The quotation also indicates the naivety of the soldiers and how almost childlike they are. As it is written in the last stanza and poem is written in the style of a French ballad, the quotation is part of the reflection on the events. Owen is highlighting the truth that the men who are fighting and suffering from the likes of a gas attack are innocent, young men. In The Sentry, the youth of the soldiers is much more apparent. For instance, â€Å"Until he whined†¦Ã¢â‚¬  lacks any masculinity as whining is usually associated with small children. Owen goes onto â€Å"coax† the sentry; underlining his youth again as he is needed to be pacified like a child. Owen also used juxtaposition when he writes; â€Å"Ecstasy of fumbling. † Owen would have been feeling anything but ecstatic and therefore highlighting what would have been misery. It also described the controlled panic and shows how he was awakened with heightened awareness and how he had to find helmet in a matter of seconds. The juxtaposition makes the reader realise that the soldiers were in a panic-ridden state in which their minds only occupied with the one thought of escaping the gas. Wilfred Owen utilises holophrastic phrases in the quotation, â€Å"GAS! Gas! Quick, boys! † The capital letters and exclamation marks fracture the metrical structure that has been built through iambic pentameter and a regular rhyme scheme in the first stanza. This results in an impression of urgency, helplessness and alarm. Similarly, in the Sentry onomatopoeia has been employed in the quotation, â€Å"Thud! flump! thud! † exclamation marks also follow the holophrastic phrases to imitate the sound with the phonological device of assonance. In the last stanza, Owen becomes more uses iambic pentameter on most lines providing a steady rhythmic beat. Ironically, iambic pentameter is usually reserved for love and in this stanza he was initially addressing Jessie Pope who did not like her propagandistic poetry and what she stood for. Furthermore, in Dulce Owen describes the gruesome effects the gas has on a man. He says, â€Å"If in some smothering dreams you too could pace behind the wagon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word ‘dreams’ is use of litotes because they are in fact nightmares and this therefore normalises the way he lives life in the war. It also suggests that if his audience were to experience his nightmares which were in fact reality, they may no longer believe the mendacious ode: Dulce et Decorum est Pro Patria Mori. Prior to this line, Owen capitalises the word ‘lie. This could be interpreted to be because pro-war propaganda was so imposing and dominating in Britain at the time and it was many peoples belief that it was fact. Ironically, Owen is arguing the opposite. The last rhyming couplet ‘glory’ and ‘mori’ makes the poem’s meaning and purpose ambiguous depending on the pronunciation, determining whether the structure is irregular or regular. Regular would suggest routine and that he wants the war to continue and irregular would suggest that he wants all wars to come to a halt. It could be interpreted that the last line does not rhyme as the metrical structure represents society and when Owen leaves iambic pentameter he is representing the breaking down of society like he feels it is not worth the effort to place the words within the proper metrical structure of his poem. Owen’s poem was aimed at individuals high in society who had the power to make a difference which is why it was written in Latin. The Latin phrase can also be changed and rearranged to make sense and mean exactly same like war itself. War can be changed but it will always be futile.

Argumentative research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Argumentative - Research Paper Example In today’s world, teenagers should know about contraceptive options so if they choose to have sex, they can at least diminish their chances of pregnancy until the time they are ready to be parents. Abstinence-only programs are constantly being demonstrated to have a detrimental impact upon the lives of healthy teenagers. According to a study by Ceci Connolly (2004), â€Å"youngsters taking the [abstinence only] courses frequently receive medically inaccurate or misleading information, often in direct contradiction to the findings of government scientists.† Misleading or simply incorrect information such as the suggestion that simply touching another person’s genitals can cause pregnancy or that AIDS can be spread via tears and sweat has been found in programs utilized by at least 69 organizations throughout 25 states. Not only do these lies work to psychologically threaten teens for their future years, but these propagandizing techniques also prevents them from o btaining the knowledge that would protect them. (â€Å"Knowledge† 2006) Studies that rate the value of abstinence-only programs used in place of programs that emphasize abstinence but also teach contraception have unquestionably demonstrated that contraception should be taught to the country’s teenagers. ... Those groups opposed to sex education have forced their will on the bulk of society and its teens and unwanted children who have suffered for it. Sex education classes in America’s public schools which offer free condoms have been scaled back so as to not upset the vocal minority. Parents want their teens to learn safe sex including the importance of condom use but what is being taught at school falls very short. Parents merely want their kids to understand the potential dangers of intercourse and how to avoid them, just as parent would in any other aspect of their teen’s lives. â€Å"Contrary to common wisdom, when it comes to sex education, parents want it all, from abstinence to homosexuality,† said Steve Rabin, senior vice president of the Kaiser Family Foundation (Levine, 2000). Additionally, parents also want schools to discuss abortion, sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy and the importance of using condoms. As with the other subjects parents wish to be covered in school, the more knowledge, the better off their kids will be. The study by the Kaiser Foundation surveyed over a thousand high school teens, parents and sex-education teachers in addition to more than 300 school administrators. Unfortunately, these vital aspects of sexual education are greatly lacking in high schools despite parental desires and in opposition to what studies have indicated is in the best interests of teen-aged kids. (â€Å"Sex Education† 2000) According to Ramon Cortines, former chancellor of New York City public schools, â€Å"Educators should teach what students need to know, not please the advocates or the politicians who scream the loudest† (Levine, 2000). Still, fundamentalist groups continue to